Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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According to Darwin, evolution occurs
a. | by chance. | b. | during half-life periods of 5,715
years. | c. | because of natural selection. | d. | rapidly. |
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2.
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Organisms well suited to their environment
a. | reproduce more successfully than those less suited to the same
environment. | b. | are always larger than organisms less suited to that environment. | c. | always live longer
than organisms less suited to that environment. | d. | need less food than organisms less suited to
that environment. |
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3.
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The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species
was that
a. | species changed over time and never competed with each other. | b. | animals changed, but
plants remained the same. | c. | giraffes and peppered moths changed
constantly. | d. | species changed over time by natural selection. |
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4.
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Natural selection could not occur without
a. | genetic variation in species. | c. | competition for unlimited
resources. | b. | environmental changes. | d. | gradual warming of the Earth. |
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5.
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Homologous structures in organisms suggest that the organisms
a. | share a common ancestor. | c. | have a skeletal
structure. | b. | must have lived at different times. | d. | are now
extinct. |
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Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make
the statement true.
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6.
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The Beagle's voyage took it around the world.
_________________________
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7.
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Darwin believed that organisms of the same species are identical.
_________________________
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8.
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Evidence that a mountain was once under the sea could come from finding
marine fossils in the mountain. _________________________
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9.
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Lyell hypothesized that human populations are kept in check by war,
disease, and murder. _________________________
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10.
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Wallace sent Darwin an essay proposing a hypothesis about natural selection
and evolution that was very similar to Darwin's. _________________________
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11.
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According to the principle of the geographic distribution of living
species, living species derive from the same remote ancestors as extinct species.
______________________________
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12.
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According to Darwin, fitness arises as the result of adaptations.
_________________________
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13.
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The fossil record provides evidence, although incomplete, about the history of
life and illustrates that most organisms have remained unchanged over time.
_________________________
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Completion
Complete each
statement.
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14.
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Hutton and Lyell held similar views about Earth's age—both thought
Earth is very ____________________.
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15.
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According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired
____________________.
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16.
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Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of organic
____________________.
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17.
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Darwin noticed variations among organisms in the same
____________________.
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18.
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According to Darwin's theory of evolution, species change over
____________________.
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19.
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Darwin realized that the measure of success for an organism was not merely
survival, but ____________________.
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20.
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A change in species over time is called ____________________.
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21.
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The process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive
and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less suited for that environment is called
____________________.
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22.
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____________________ occurs as two or more species change in response to each
other.
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23.
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The ____________________ record provides evidence about the history of life on
Earth.
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24.
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____________________ is the process by which two species evolve in response to
changes in each other over time.
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25.
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Their similar body structure but very different ancestry indicates that sharks
and dolphins have undergone _________________________, a process in which unrelated organisms come to
resemble each other.
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Short Answer
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26.
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In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide Darwin an ideal
opportunity for collecting and analyzing data?
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27.
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What evidence did Darwin collect in addition to specimens of modern
organisms?
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28.
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What did observations of the tortoises of the Galápagos lead Darwin to
hypothesize about these animals' ancestry, and why?
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29.
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What information does relative dating provide?
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Other
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USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 15-4
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30.
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Interpreting Graphics What differences in the bodies of the three
tortoise species are apparent in Figure 15-4?
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31.
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Interpreting Graphics Which of the tortoises shown in Figure 15-4 has the
longest neck?
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32.
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Applying Concepts Can you tell from Figure 15-4 which of the three
tortoise species is most like the ancestral species? Why or why not?
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33.
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Inferring Vegetation on Isabela Island is close to the ground. How might
the location of vegetation have affected the neck and shell of the Isabela Island tortoise shown in
Figure 15-4?
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34.
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Forming Hypotheses Considering the shells and necks of the tortoises
shown in Figure 15-4, which might adapt faster to Hood Island—a population of Pinta Island
tortoises or a population of Isabela Island tortoises, and why?
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Essay
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35.
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Discuss how Lamarck influenced Darwin's theory of evolution.
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36.
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What sources of evidence did Darwin consider when he formulated his theory of
evolution by natural selection?
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37.
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Why did Darwin think that the finches he observed and collected in the Galapagos
Islands shared a common ancestor? Write your answer in the space below.
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38.
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Explain the principle behind radioactive dating.
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